Apparatus and method to hide transit only multi-access networks in OSPF

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, a first router determines whether an interface coupling the first router to one or more second routers is transit-only. When the interface is transit-only, the first router generates an Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Link State Advertisement (LSA) that includes an address for the interface and a designated network mask. The designated network mask operates as a transit-only identification that indicates the address should not be installed in a Routing Information Base (RIB) upon receipt of the OSPF LSA at the one or more second routers. When the network is not transit-only, the first router generates an OSPF LSA that includes the address for the interface but does not include the designated network mask, to permit installation of the address in a RIB upon receipt of the OSPF LSA at the one or more second routers.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/013,990, filed on Aug. 29, 2013 and entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD TOHIDE TRANSIT ONLY MULTI-ACCESS NETWORKS IN OSPF,” which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/048,731, filed onMar. 15, 2011 and entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD TO HIDE TRANSIT ONLYMULTI-ACCESS NETWORKS IN OSPF,” which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/537,275, filed on Sep. 29, 2006 and entitled“APPARATUS AND METHOD TO HIDE TRANSIT ONLY MULTI-ACCESS NETWORKS INOSPF,” the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein intheir entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to routers. More particularly, this inventionrelates to routers that are only connected to other routers in anetwork. Still more particularly, this invention relates to a method forprotecting interfaces on these routers from the network to increasesecurity of the network.

BACKGROUND

In today's home and business environment there are many different typesof digital networks that allow processing systems to communicate andtransmit data between one another. As the size of these networksincreases, more routers or other switching systems are needed in thenetwork to transmit data between processing systems. Some systems are solarge that some routers have interfaces that are connected directly toother routers to transmit data over the other routers to other systems.

One method for determining a path for transmitting data from oneprocessing system over the network to another system is Open ShortestPath First (OSPF). In OSPF, a router receives Link State Advertisements(LSA) from other routing systems. Each LSA indicates a connection of arouter to another system or router. A router then stores the receivedLSAs and uses the LSAs to determine the path over which to transmit datato a particular address. In the larger networks, the connections betweenrouters are used to transmit data. However, the addresses of theinterfaces that connect a router to another router are not needed. Thus,transmitting LSAs with the addresses of these interfaces is a problem.The addresses of the interfaces are installed in Router Information Base(RIB) of other routers when received in an LSA. This wastes routerresources as the addresses are stored in the RIB and then the routeradvertises the link.

Another problem with advertising the addresses for these interfaces isthat an attacker can launch an attack on the network by sending packetsto one of these interfaces. Thus, there is a need in the art for asystem to hide these interfaces from the network to improve convergenceof the network and to increase security.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features and advantages of this invention are described in thefollowing detailed description and are shown in the following drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrating an exemplary network having transit-only routersoperating in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 2 illustrating a block diagram of components of a routing systemoperating in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 3 illustrating a flow diagram of an exemplary process forgenerating and transmitting a link state advertisement in accordancewith this invention; and

FIG. 4 illustrating a flow diagram of an exemplary process for receivingand handling a link state advertisement generated in accordance withthis invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This invention relates to a method to hide transit-only interfaces in anetwork. For purposes of this discussion, transit-only interfaces areinterfaces which directly connect one router to another router. Inaccordance with the present invention, the routers perform applicationswhich hide the transit-only interfaces in a network in accordance withthis invention. These applications may be performed as software,hardware, and/or firmware that are included in the router.

FIG. 1 illustrates a network that includes routing systems that havetransit-only interfaces in accordance with this invention. Network 100includes routing systems 105-111. Routing systems 105-111 are routers,switches, or other processing devices that transmit data to othersystems over networks 100. One skilled in the art will recognize thatnetwork 100 is shown for illustrative purposes only and the exactconfiguration of a network is not important to implementing thisinvention. Thus, the exact configuration and size of a networkimplementing processes in accordance with this invention are left to oneskilled in the art designing a system implementing processes inaccordance with this invention. Furthermore, the connection andinterfaces of the routing systems shown are for exemplary purposes. Theexact number of interfaces and the connections to the interfaces areleft to those skilled in the art.

The routing systems in network 100 use OSPF to determine a path fortransmitting a packet from one processing system to another. In theexemplary embodiment shown, OSPFv2 is used to make determinations of thepaths for transmission of packets. In OSPFv2, Internet Protocol (IP)version 4 (IPv4) addressing is used. Although discussed in terms OSPFv2and IPv4, one skilled in the art will recognize that this invention maybe implemented in other protocols using other addressing strategies.

In network 100, routing systems 105, 106, 110, and 111 connect servers120-123 to network 100. Routing system 105 connects to server 120 viainterface 130 and connects to other routers 106-108 via interfaces131-133. Routing system 106 connects to server 121 via interface 140 andinterfaces 141-143 connect routing system 106 to other routing systems.Routing system 110 connects to server 122 via interface 155 and to otherrouting systems via interfaces 151-153. Routing system 111 connects toserver 123 via interface 145 and to other routing systems via interfaces161-163.

In network 100, routing systems 107-109 are transit-only routingsystems. Routing systems 107-109 are transit-only routing systemsbecause these routing systems are only connected to other routingsystems to transmit data between the routing systems that connectprocessing systems to the network. For example, interface 150 in routingsystem 108 connects routing system 108 to an interface 160 of routingsystems 107.

Routing systems may only have one or a portion of the interfaces in therouter that are transit-only. For example, routing system 105 has aninterface 133 that connects routing system 105 to routing system 106 viainterface 143. Thus, a system for hiding transit-only interfaces may beimplemented in all routing systems in network 100.

FIG. 2 shows a router 200. Routing systems 105-111 (Shown in FIG. 1) areall examples of router 200. Router 200 is a routing and/or switchingsystem that transmits digital data, in the form of packets betweenprocessing systems connected to a network. One skilled in the art willrecognize that router 200 may be a router, switch or any otherprocessing system that receives and transmits digital data.

Router 200 includes ports 205-209. Ports 205-209 connect router 200 toother processing systems in a network. The other processing systems thatmay be connected include computers, other routers or any other digitalprocessing system. One skilled in the art will further recognize thatports 205-209 are shown for exemplary purposes only and the exact numberand configuration of the ports are left to one skilled in the artdesigning a specific router.

Ports 205-209 are connected to switch circuitry 215. Switch circuitry215 is circuitry that transmits received packets to the proper ports fordelivery to the proper address. One skilled in the art will recognizethat there are many different types of circuitry that may be used totransmit packets between proper ports and an explanation of theswitching circuitry is not critical to this invention and is omitted forbrevity.

Processing unit 220 is connected to switching circuitry 215. Processingunit 220 is a processor, microprocessor, or any combination ofprocessors and microprocessors that execute instructions to performapplications for performing functions in router 200. Processing unit 220is also connected to a volatile memory 225 and a non-volatile memory 230via memory bus 235.

Volatile memory 225 is a memory such as a Random Access Memory (RAM). Avolatile memory stores instructions and data used by processing unit 220to perform applications. One such application is a routing operatingsystem. The routing operating system is an application or applicationswhich allow router 200 to perform other applications that provide thefunctions of router 200. An example of a routing operating system isInter-network Operating System (IOS) designed by Cisco Systems Inc. OneSkilled in the art will recognize that many different types of memorymay be used a non-volatile memory such SRAM and DRAM.

Non-volatile memory 230 is a memory such as a Read Only Memory (ROM).Non-volatile memory 230 stores configuration and other vital informationfor router 200. One skilled in the art will recognize that there aremany different types of memory that may be used as a non-volatilememory.

Modules 240, 245, and 250 are connected to switching circuitry 215.Modules 240, 245, and 250 are devices and/or software that preparespecific features in router 200. An example of a module is a Voice OverInternet Protocol (VoIP) module for providing telephonic communicationsto processing devices connected to router 200. One skilled in the artwill recognize that the number of modules and the functions that eachmodule provides may be determined by one skilled in the art designing aparticular router.

In accordance with this invention, a system for hiding transit-onlyinterfaces of routing systems is provided by processes executed by therouting systems as shown by the following exemplary embodiments. Oneskilled in the art will recognize that the following processes may beexecuted by software, firmware, hardware, and/or any combination of thepreceding components.

In order to hide transit-only interfaces, a routing system must be ableto identify a transit-only interface to other routing systems and theother routing systems must know how to handle an interface that isidentified as transit only. FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodimentof a process executed by a first routing system to identify transit-onlyinterface in advertisements. FIG. 4 then illustrates an exemplaryembodiment of a process for a router receiving an advertisement of atransit-only interface and storing the information.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary process 300 executed by a routing systemto identify a transit-only interface to other routing systems. Process300 begins in step 305 by the routing system determining that aninterface is a transit-only interface. The determination is performed ina typical manner that a routing system performs detections ofconnections to the routing system. If the interface is determined not tobe a transit-only interface, the routing system generates anadvertisement in a normal manner in accordance with the art in step 310.One skilled in the art will recognize that the advertisement is an LSAin OSPF and is generated in the manner defined in OSPF. Theadvertisement is then transmitted in the normal manner in step 325.

If the interface is determined to be transit only, an advertisement isgenerated in step 315. In the preferred embodiment, the advertisement isan LSA and is generated in a typical manner. After the advertisement isgenerated, a transit-only identification is inserted into the packet toindicate that the advertised interface is transit-only in step 320.

In exemplary embodiments, there are a variety of manners in which anadvertisement for a transit-only interface may be marked. A first methodfor marking a transit-only interface is by placing an invalidate and/ornon-continuous network mask instead of the configured value for thenetwork. For example, the value 0x00000001 may be inserted instead ofthe configured value. Because the network mask is invalid the OSPF doesnot install the address in the RIB. In a network using this method, somevendors may do a sanity check and when the advertisements with invalidmasks are detected, these advertisements may be dropped. This coulddisrupt communications over the network.

A second method for marking advertisements for transit only interfacesuses a valid, designated network mask, such as, a network mask thatshould not be used in a multi-access network. Some examples of thisinclude

0xffffffff and 0xfffffffe. Routing systems using a system in accordancewith the invention must not place the advertised addresses in the RIB.However, non-upgrades systems will still flood the networks with theadvertisements. Thus, this method is more predictable than using aninvalid mask. However, the host addresses of a transmitting routingsystem may be installed in the RIBs of non-upgraded systems. Thus, theinterfaces may still be attacked.

A third method for marking advertisements for transit-only interfaces isto place a flag or administrative tag in the advertisements. Such tagsare described in the IETF draft of “Extensions to OSPFv2 for advertisingOptional Rout/Link Attributes.” This will require all routers to beupgraded to read the tag and recognize the advertisement is for atransit-only interface. Furthermore, this method requires support ofopaque Link State Advertisements. This may cause backward compatibilityissues.

After the advertisement is generated and the mask is inserted, theadvertisement is transmitted in the conventional manner in step 325. Instep 330, the router determines whether all of the advertisements forinterfaces have been transmitted. If there are more advertisements togenerate, process 300 repeats for step 305. Otherwise process 300 ends.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary process executed by a routing systemwhen an advertisement is received to hide a transit-only interface inaccordance with this invention. Process 400 begins in step 405 with anadvertisement being received by the routing system. In step 410, theidentifier is read.

The routing system then determines whether the advertised address is atransit-only interface in step 415. If the first method of using aninvalid mask is used, all routing systems will recognize the invalidmask and not install the address in the RIB. If the second or thirdmethods are used, the receiving routing systems must be upgraded todetect the identifier. If the identifier is read from the advertisement,the advertisement information is stored in a conventional manner.However, the advertised address is not stored in RIB of the routingsystem in step 420. If the identifier is not read, the advertisedinformation is stored in the conventional manner in step 425. Process400 then ends.

The above is a description of exemplary embodiments of a method forhiding transit-only interfaces in a network. It is envisioned that thoseskilled in the art can and will design alternative systems for hidingtransit-only interfaces that infringe on this invention as set forth inthe following claims either literally or through Doctrine ofEquivalents.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: detecting one or moreconnection to a first router of a network; determining that a firstinterface coupling the first router to at least a second router is atransit-only interface based at least upon the one or more connections,wherein the transit-only interface directly connects the first router tothe at least the second router for transmission of data between thefirst router and the at least the second router; and generating a firstOpen Shortest Path First (OSPF) Link State Advertisement (LSA) thatincludes an address and a designated network mask, the designatednetwork mask operating as a transit-only identification, thetransit-only identification indicating that the address is not permittedto be installed in a Routing Information Base (RIB) of the at least thesecond router upon receipt of the OSPF LSA at the at least the secondrouter; wherein, upon receipt of the OSPF LSA at the at least the secondrouter, the address is not installed in the RIB of the at least thesecond router.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determiningthat a second interface coupling the first router to at least a thirdrouter is a not a transit-only interface based at least upon the one ormore connections; and generating a second OSPF LSA that includes theaddress for the network but does not include the designated networkmask, to permit installation of the address in a RIB of the at least thethird router upon receipt of the second OSPF LSA at the at least thethird router.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: sending thesecond OSPF LSA to the at least the third router; and causing the atleast the third router to determine that the second OSPF LSA does notinclude the designated network mask.
 4. The method of claim 3, furthercomprising: causing the at least the third router to permit installationof the address in the RIB of the at least the third router.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: sending the first OSPF LSA to theat least the second router; and causing the at least the second routerto determine that the first OSPF LSA includes the designated networkmask.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: causing the at leastthe second router to prevent installation of the address in the RIB ofthe at least the second router.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein thedesignated network mask is one of 0xffffffff, 0xfffffffe, or 0x00000001.8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first router is configured todetermine a path for transmitting data using OSPF version 2(OSPFv2). 9.An apparatus of a network, comprising: a processor; a first interfacecoupling the apparatus to at least a second apparatus; and acomputer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by theprocessor, cause the apparatus to perform operations comprising:detecting one or more connection to the apparatus; determining that thefirst interface is a transit-only interface based at least upon the oneor more connections, wherein the transit-only interface directlyconnects the first apparatus to the at least the second apparatus fortransmission of data between the first apparatus and the at least thesecond apparatus; and generating a first Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)Link State Advertisement (LSA) that includes an address and a designatednetwork mask, the designated network mask operating as a transit-onlyidentification, the transit-only identification indicating that theaddress is not permitted to be installed in a Routing Information Base(RIB) of the at least the second apparatus upon receipt of the OSPF LSAat the at least the second apparatus; wherein, upon receipt of the OSPFLSA at the at least the second router, the address is not installed inthe RIB of the at least the second router.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9,further comprising a second interface coupling the apparatus to at leasta third apparatus, wherein the instructions, when executed by theprocessor, cause the apparatus to perform operations further comprising:determining that the second interface is a not a transit-only interfacebased at least upon the one or more connections; and generating a secondOSPF LSA that includes the address for the network but does not includethe designated network mask, to permit installation of the address in aRIB of the at least the third apparatus upon receipt of the second OSPFLSA at the at least the third apparatus.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10,wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause theapparatus to perform operations further comprising: sending the secondOSPF LSA to the at least the third apparatus; and causing the at leastthe third apparatus to determine that the second OSPF LSA does notinclude the designated network mask.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11,wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause theapparatus to perform operations further comprising: causing the at leastthe third apparatus to permit installation of the address in the RIB ofthe at least the third apparatus.
 13. The apparatus of claim 9, whereinthe instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the apparatus toperform operations further comprising: sending the first OSPF LSA to theat least the second apparatus; and causing the at least the secondapparatus to determine that the first OSPF LSA includes the designatednetwork mask.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the instructions,when executed by the processor, cause the apparatus to performoperations further comprising: causing the at least the second apparatusto prevent installation of the address in the RIB of the at least thesecond apparatus.
 15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the designatednetwork mask is one of 0xffffffff, 0xfffffffe, or 0x00000001.
 16. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the apparatus is configured to determine apath for transmitting data using OSPF version 2 (OSPFv2).
 17. Anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructionsthat, when executed by at least one processor of an apparatus, cause theapparatus to: detect one or more connection to the apparatus; determinethat a first interface coupling the apparatus to at least a secondapparatus is a transit-only interface based at least upon the one ormore connections, wherein the transit-only interface directly connectsthe first apparatus to the at least the second apparatus fortransmission of data between the first apparatus and the at least thesecond apparatus; and generate a first Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)Link State Advertisement (LSA) that includes an address and a designatednetwork mask, the designated network mask operating as a transit-onlyidentification, the transit-only identification indicating that theaddress is not permitted to be installed in a Routing Information Base(RIB) of the at least the second apparatus upon receipt of the OSPF LSAat the at least the second apparatus; wherein, upon receipt of the OSPFLSA at the at least the second router, the address is not installed inthe RIB of the at least the second router.
 18. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 17, storing the instructionsthat, when executed, further cause the apparatus to: determine that asecond interface coupling the apparatus to at least a third apparatus isa not a transit-only interface based at least upon the one or moreconnections; and generate a second OSPF LSA that includes the addressfor the network but does not include the designated network mask, topermit installation of the address in a RIB of the at least the thirdapparatus upon receipt of the second OSPF LSA at the at least the thirdapparatus.
 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 18, storing the instructions that, when executed, further causethe apparatus to: send the second OSPF LSA to the at least the thirdapparatus; and cause the at least the third apparatus to determine thatthe second OSPF LSA does not include the designated network mask. 20.The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 19, storingthe instructions that, when executed, further cause the apparatus to:cause the at least the third apparatus to permit installation of theaddress in the RIB of the at least the third apparatus.